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buy custom The Sun Recorded Through History essay The heat energy is supplied to a fluid, which is heated until it vaporizes; the vapor is then compressed at high pressure, and released at high pressure to give motion to a gas turbine that is coupled to a generator. When the turbine is set into motion by pressurized gas or water vapor it rotates the shaft connected to the generator, which in turn rotates the shaft connected to the coil of the generator giving motion to the coil of the generator. A generator is a machine or a device, which converts mechanical energy to electricity. The mechanical energy that is converted to electrical energy can be obtained from nuclear and chemical energy found in various types of fuel, it can also be obtained from sources such as falling water or wind. This mechanical energy can be supplied to the generator using water or wind turbines, electric motors, gas combustion turbines, internal combustion engines and steam engines. The working principle of a generator is based on the electromagnetic induction phenomenon. The generator has a conductor that is placed between two magnets; the movement of the conductor relative to the magnetic field created by the two magnets induces a voltage in the conductor. If there is an external circuit connected to the conductor, the voltage induced in the conductor would create a current in the circuit, and the energy in this circuit can be delivered to a load. To obtain a larger current from the conductor, a large force must be applied to rotate the conductor and keep it in motion. Most modern generators have self excited fields; this means that the current in the field coils comes from the additional exciting winding found in the armature. Before the voltage is fed in the field coils, it is rectified by passing it through a diode bridge, then passes through a regulator. A portion of current that is generated by the generator flows into the field coil generating a magnetic field. However, before the generator is started the magnetic field is generated using the residual magnetism in the cores of the magnets or a current from a battery. Biofuels, which include ethanol or biodiesel, are known as liquid sunlight. Ethanol is produced using plants to convert solar energy into a liquid that is used as a source of energy in transportation system. Plants capture the suns energy through the process of photosynthesis, and then transform the energy to cellulose, sugars and starches (Nelson par 8). Ethanol is later manufactured using various industrial processes by combining water with plant material with an addition of energy; the processes produce ethanol and byproducts, which include polluted water. The resultant product, which is ethanol, is then used in transportation systems. The current processes of producing ethanol from sunlight are regarded as involving and costly. The required raw materials is from biomass, mostly from sugarcane and corn among other energy crops, and this energy crops must be grown extensively for large-scale production; this has a huge economic implication and creates competition for land with the food crops. Technology of converting sunlight into fuel has taken another route in order to solve the problem of competition for land with for food crops, and reduce the cost of production. The latest technology uses bacterium that is genetically modified to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to fuel; this technology is expected to produce more fuel than that produced by ethanol (Nelson par16). When 1litre of ethanol is burnt, it produces 23.5 million joules. Rivers are natural systems that provide falling water or flowing water that sets a generator into motion. The falling or flowing water is because of the water cycle caused by sunlight, when the sunlight heats the earth surface, it causes evaporation of water from the earth surface, this water in the form of vapor rises up the earth surface, and when it reaches the high regions above the earth surface, it condenses, and later falls as rain. The rain water percolates through the soil and rocks, and collects in channels forming rivers. The water in the rivers flows and if a generator is placed in its path, it gives the generator a motion, if the water in the river encounters a steep rock it creates a waterfall, and when a generator is placed below the waterfall, the falling water gives the generator a motion. This energy from falling or flowing water gives motion to the generator, and it is considered ultimately from the sun because without the sun, the water on the earth surface would not evaporate, condense and fall as rain that later collects to form rivers that flow. The ice that forms on top of mountains also melts to form water that flows down the mountain to join the rivers that flows giving motion to the generator; without sunlight, the ice on top of mountains would not melt to water, and there could be no water flowing in rivers to give motion to the generator. The amount of energy that reaches the top atmosphere is 1,360 watts per square meter, and the amount arriving at the earth is 340 watt per every square meter. This is only one quarter of the solar irradiance; it is also the average amount of energy that reaches an individuals roof per square meter. However, the exact amount reaching ones roof in a day depends on the location of the house on the earth surface, the time of the year and time of the day. When one wants to use the 340 watt energy per square meter and the daily consumption of 14,400 watts per day, then a 26 square solar panel is required, which cost almost $16,000, and since sunshine is not consistent an inverter is required, which increases the cost of installation further. Looking at the annual electricity bill, it amounts to $91, it is better to use electricity from the main than pay for all that money for installation. The payback period for such an energy system is long, and considering the low efficiency of solar pow er systems, it is not worthy investing in them; this is why many people shy from using these systems. Solar cells are used in satellites, calculator and solar power production systems; they are also referred to as photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are constructed using semiconductor materials such as silicon; these cells convert sunlight straight into electricity. When the suns light strikes the solar cell, part of it is absorbed in the semiconductor material, and knocks the electros in the structure making them free to flow. The electric field in the semiconductor material then forces the free electrons to flow in a particular direction, and as the electrons flow they create an electric current. Silicon, a material used to make the solar cell havespecial properties, especially when it is in crystalline form, it has 14 electrons in its three shells, the first and second shells have two and eight electrons respectively. The third hell has only four electrons, this means that this level is half full, therefore, it will always seek for how to fill the remaining space for four electrons. Silicon will be forced to share electrons with the atoms surrounding it, forming a pure crystalline structure; this structure does not readily onduct electricity because it has no free electrons (Martnez 321). Therefore, the structure is mixed with atoms with free electrons such as phosphorus to make it conduct electricity. When the sunlight strikes this structure, it forces the electrons to break free, and each electron leaves a hole behind and looks for another electron to occupy; this causes the electrons to move randomly in the crystalline lattice, and as they move, the carry current. The performance of a PV cell depends on conditions such as the type of PV cells, solar spectral, angle of incidence, solar irradiance and the temperature. Approximately 90% of solar panels used today are made of crystalline silicon; they convert 15-20% of the sunlight to electricity (Martnez 346). There are solar cells that have a thin film of crystalline silicon, this type of solar cells converts 4-10% of sunlight reaching it. The solar cell produces a DC current, which can be used to power DC devices, however, for systems that are designed to power AC machines or appliances, an inverter is included to change the DC current to AC. A refrigerator is a system that transfers heat from a region of low-energy to a region of high-energy reservoir. This system consists of the following components, the cooling coil, evaporator, condenser, compressor, condenser pump, cooling tower, cooling tower fan. The refrigerant absorbs heat from the chiller or freezer chamber, then moves evaporates in the evaporator and sucked by the compressor and discharged outside the refrigerator. The air condition uses the working principle similar to that of a refrigerator, however, the difference is that the air conditioner cools a bigger space when it is compared to the refrigerator; it can cool an entire room, while a refrigerator cools only a chiller or freezer. The air conditioner consists of a compressor, condenser and evaporator; the working fluid goes through the compressor at while it is cool and at a low pressure, it is then compressed and passed to the condenser at a high pressure, then passed to the evaporator where it changes from liquid to vapor, as it cools the room (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 285). The vapor is then cooled in the condenser and sacked back into the compressor, and the cycle repeats itself. The refrigerator can be used as an air conditioner if it is improvised by placing the evaporator in an open place that needs to be cooled. This is because their mode of operation is the same. The only difference is the size of the area they are cooling. The conversion of heat energy to electricity has been tried using several physical phenomena, however, the direct conversion has not been fully achieved; this is because of the temperature levels between the processes of operation. The Carnot efficiency is an efficiency that operates within the same limits of temperature between the source and the sink. Many systems converting heat energy to electricity have tried operating within the same limit of temperature, but the result is only a small percentage of the ideal efficiency, which is the Carnot efficiency (Chen par 12). This is because of the inefficiencies of the converting system, an example of such systems is a system that converts heat energy to electricity using thermocouple; this system produces electromotive force when one of the dissimilar conductor gains heat while the other remains cold. The conductors of the thermocouple are metals that are inefficient in converting heat to electricity; the metals are good electricity co nductors, and at the same time good thermal conductors, this makes the hot conductor lose the heat it has gained to the cold metal conductor, thus lowering its temperature. Such a system cannot achieve Carnot efficiency because the Carnot cycle assumes that all the heat gained from the source is converted to electricity without loses. The Carnot cycle efficiency is computed using the formula %u1DAF = 1 T2/T1 where T2 is the temperature of the conductor and T1 is the temperature of the source of heat (Chen par 15). This is the best efficiency one can hope for when converting heat energy to electricity. The earth is an engine that is controlled by the heat from the sun, the goes round the sun and because of its spherical shape it receives varying heat from the sun, with the tropics receiving more heat than the poles. This creates an imbalance in the available heat on the earth surface, and to balance the heat, energy is transferred from places with low latitudes to those of high latitude. The imbalance in the earth heat is also brought about by the rotation of the earth around the sun, which creates days and nights; places that experience day and night receive more heat energy from the sun at a given when compared to those experiencing night. The imbalance of heat on the earth which caused by uneven heating of the earth by the sun determines the earths vegetation cover, ice, precipitation and temperature. The difference in temperatures controls the movement of air from one region to another; this movement involves cold and warm air, and depending on the kind of air present in a region, the region is referred to as either warm or cold. The difference in precipitation and vegetation cover is also caused by uneven heat of the earth by the sun, when the earth is heated the water on the earth surface rises in form of vapor and later condenses and falls in form of precipitation, and the precipitation gives vegetation enough water required for its growth. This explains why the tropics receive much rain and have more vegetation cover than the poles. The uneven heating also controls the amount ice in different regions, with regions receiving less heat from the sun having more ice than those receiving more heat. The above described aspects also affect the population of people and animals in various regions around the earth; areas with high precipitation and vegetation are mostly inhabited by people and animals, while those with less vegetation, precipitation or covered with ice are avoided by human being and most animals. All this is controlled by the heat from the sun. Nuclear fission is a process where elements with large nucleus are split into small nuclei, nuclear power plants and industries that manufacturing nuclear weapons use this process. Elements that are used in this process include plutonium-239, Uranium-233 and Uranium-235, when these elements are struck by a neutron moving at a slow speed, they undergo fission. An example of such a reaction process is The result of the fission process is elements of smaller nuclei and a neutron, the neutron can be used to split another Uranium-235. The process goes on and on leading to a chain of reactions, however, the reaction should be controlled, else the chain reactions would lead to an explosion. The moderated reaction can be used in a nuclear reactor as a source of fuel; it is used together with control rods to control the process by absorbing excess neutrons. Elements are identified using the nuclei of the parent atoms, for instance, carbon is an element with 6 protons in its nucleus while Uranium is an elemennt with 92 protons in the nucleus. Uranium is the heaviest element; heavy elements are formed from light elements through the process of fusion. The simplest reaction being hydrogen and hydrogen, and later, the fusion reactions merge to form heavier elements. During the formation of the universe, there were high temperatures and density known as big bang, and only the elements with heavy nucleus were formed, this includes, hydrogen, beryllium, helium and lithium. Heavier elements such as Uranium were created during a nuclear reaction that took place in the stars, as well as during huge stellar explosions referred to as supernovas (MacDonald 256). The sun and other stars, and planets such Earth had other elements apart from hydrogen and helium, and these elements, which included Uranium formed after the explosion of the 1st generation of enormous stars known as supernovas (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 357). Uranium was first discovered on the planet Uranus, and at first it was named Uranus by Martin Klaproth. It is found in pitchblende ore, which is an ore of zinc and iron, however, it can also be found in coffinite, uranophane, carnotite and uraninite minerals. Uranium is considered as a solar power, this is because its formations originated from the formation of energy emitted by the Sun. The solar power was formed from the fusion of hydrogen atoms to form helium atom, the helium atom later combined with other hydrogen atoms to form heavier atoms. The heavier atoms such as Uranium were formed through the fusion of atoms that were lighter that themselves; this shows that power that comes from Uranium is actually solar power because without the initial reaction to form solar power, then the other reactions that led to the formation of Uranium could not have happened. Many scientists worked hard to discover the source of sunshine, and in 1904, Ernest Rutherford discovered that the sunshine was emanating from the emission of alpha particles by radioactive substances. This discovery implied that nuclear energy was the source of sunshine; however, more research proved that the sun did not have much radioactive material, and instead, the sun contained more hydrogen gas. Scientists also discovered that the amount of energy generated by a star does not vary with temperature, but it depended on the interior temperatures of the star (MacDonald 167). These discoveries helped them come closer to the answer, later Aston discovered something that rested many scientists; he discovered that hydrogen nuclei was heavier than helium nucleus, a concept that was used by Eddington to conclude that the sunshine was because of the conversion of hydrogen atoms to helium. This process was known as fusion, and the energy produced from this process depends on the mass of t he atoms, this relation was derived from Einsteins energy equation; E =mc2. The process of fusion could make the sunshine for approximately 100 billion years. 41H 4He + 2e+ + 2+ energy, This process of energy production utilized by the earth has been a dream of mankind to solve the nagging problem of energy around the world. Scientists and researchers have been working hard to achieve this process that produces abundance of energy, they have the equation that result in the large amount of energy, which is the fusion of 4 atoms of hydrogen to form one atom of helium, two positrons, two electrons and energy. However, they realized that hydrogen atoms are positive particles; this means that they repel each other, and bringing them together is difficult. According to Bahcall, it was realized that stars that were heavier than the sun fused the hydrogen atoms using carbon as a catalyst, however, the energy produced from this reaction was relatively low. Scientists have also thought of the stellar evolution theory, which implies that the sun is heated at very high temperatures causing the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms to fuse through the gravitational energy emanating from the contraction of the solar mass from its initial large gas cloud. This has given the scientist and researchers of the required conditions for the hydrogen atoms to fuse, however, there is still a struggle to find out the exact conditions for the fusion to take place, and how the conditions can be made possible for the fusion of hydrogen on earth without causing destruction. All energy used on the earth comes from the solar energy; this can either be direct or indirect. Looking at photovoltaic and solar thermal energy used on the earth, they directly comes from the sun, but utilized in the form of electricity and thermal energy respectively. These two forms of solar energy are harnessed directly from the sun. Another form of energy that comes from the sun but indirectly is wind. The sun heats the earth unevenly, and this causes imbalance of heat on the earth surface; the regions that experience more heat have warm air at the surface of the earth, while those that experience less heat have cool air at the surface of the earth (MacDonald 134). Following this imbalance, the warm air will tend to move from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure, and the vice versa happens to the cool air. This continuous movement of air on the earth surface is wind, and this wind can drive a wind turbine which is used to produce electricity, run wind pumps or wind mills. Hydropower is also derived from the sun, and in this case, the sun heats the earth surface, and the water on the earth surface vaporizes and rises above the ground. As it moves up the sky, it reaches condensation where it forms clouds that later falls as rain. The rain water percolates through the soil and rocks to form rivers, the water in rivers can be utilized to produce energy using either the flowing water or waterfalls along the river channel. Bio-fuels also come from the sun. The sun is used in the process of photosynthesis to produce sugars that are stored in the plant in the form of starch and forms of sugars. The starch and other forms of sugars are extracted from the plant and used in the production of ethanol as a bio-fuel. Another case of bio-fuel production using sunlight uses bacteria that have been modified to utilize sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to form nuclear bio-fuel. Nuclear energy also emanates from solar energy in the sense that, Uranium, an element that is mostly used in energy production using the process of fission, was formed from the reactions that resulted to solar energy. The fusion of hydrogen atoms to form helium atom resulted in the sunshine, and the fusion of the resultant atoms led to atoms with larger nuclei, and Uranium being the heaviest element, it resulted from the fusion of lighter atoms. Fossil fuels are fuels extracted below the earth surface, and they were formed by the accumulation of dead animals and plants. The dead plants contained sugars that were stored after the process of photosynthesis that was initiated by the sun, and the animals ate plants which derived their food from the process of photosynthesis. Therefore, it is only sensible to say that fossil fuels and other sources of energy originated from solar power. Buy custom The Sun Recorded Through History essay

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Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act - Essay Example Other than the USA PATRIOT Act amendment of 2001, there have been several other amendments such as the Protect America Act of 2007 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 is the most significant amendment of the three. This amendment gave powers to state authorities that were sufficient in protecting the homeland. The powers also gave these authorities the ability to protect the country from future attacks. These powers included the ability to monitor internet data and use, interception of emails and phone calls. The Act further granted state authorities the right to place wiretaps on conversations between American citizens and non-citizens3. In addition to surveillance, the state authorities were granted powers to detain individuals it deemed suspicious and dangerous. In comparison to other Acts, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act is the most controversial. This essay will assess and analyze its electronic surveillance provision. The Electronic Surveillance provision in the FISA Act grants state authorities to conduct electronic surveillance because of two scenarios. In the first scenario, the President can authorize state authorities to conduct electronic surveillance for one year. The President does this through the office of the Attorney General and the surveillance can only be done on foreigners4. This surveillance picks up any foreign intelligence information being exchanged between agents of a foreign power and the foreign power. This surveillance, according to the Act, may or may not substantiate to anything feasible5. It is the Attorney General’s responsibility to create a certification of the conditions necessary for the surveillance. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court authorizes this certification by its seal. The A.G is then supposed to report to both the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select

Ceramic -- China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ceramic -- China - Term Paper Example Ceramics range from construction materials (bricks & tiles), porcelain and vessels (Uta Grosenick & Caspar Schubbe, 2007 p.25). The earliest Chinese ceramics were produced during the Neolithic period (6000-1000BC), this was kind of utilitarian wares known has basic pottery. The cultures that were involved with this type of ceramics were Ta-ti-wan, Lun Shan and Ta-wen-Kau. They produced a number of ceramic arts such as, fanciful thin walled and burnished earthenware that were fully painted from soil ores. Majority of these ceramics were used by the respective cultures as ritual vessels during traditional ceremonies and events. They were hand built, characterized by grey, black and red colors, as such they were real evidence of craftsmanship and beauty during the ancient period. The emergence of Bronze period led to ceramic decline, and few were made resembling the ceramic shapes of metals that had appeared (Wang Guanyu, 2011 p.3). Chinese ceramics that was produced during the Han dynasty between 206 BC –AD 220, was well known as organized ceramic production. Example of these ceramics included mass produced functional vessels that were stamped with names of government offices, a sheer indication that ceramic workshops and works were controlled. Majority of the vessels produced were identical but one notable ceramic work was the lead glazing, this included a low fired glaze that was colored with copper to produce green, or use of iron to create yellow or brown colored items. The Chinese knew that lead was toxic to human beings and with this knowledge; they would only utilize ceramic works created from lead glazing for mortuary purposes rather than daily use (p7). The toxicity of lead glazing lead to some of the Southern China, and coastal regions to produce high fired stone ware that was incorporating wood or ash glaze, that produced a yellow colored type of work. The other part was the use of an expanded Han repertoire which

Energy Drinks and There Effects Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks and There Effects Essay Have you ever wondered what the side effects were after drinking an energy drink? People buy these types of drinks all the time and they are very popular with the younger groups. They give you a boost of energy but they can also make you sick. There are many different brands of energy drinks on the market the most popular are Red Bull and Monster. People are now mixing these with alcohol which has a serious side effect. There are several ingredients in energy drinks: caffeine, taurine, b vitamins, inositol, ginseng, glucuronolactone, artificial sweeteners, ginkgo biloba, and l-carnitine. The caffeine in these drinks can cause dizziness, jitters, nausea, irritability and nervousness. You can also have an allergic reaction like: a rash, difficulty breathing, and swelling of the mouth, face, lips or tongue. To many b vitamins like vitamin (B3) can cause flushing of the skin. Ginkgo biloba can cause nausea, vomiting, heart palpitations and the l-carnitine can cause headache, diarrhea, sleep difficulty. Why do people buy these drinks? Because they give you an energy boost when you need it. These types of drinks are more popular with the teens and college kids they drink these to give them a boost when they are studying or partying to help them stay awake but when the effects of the drink wears off they feel more tired than they already were. These drinks contain more caffeine then a regular soda a normal soda has 25-40 milligrams of caffeine and the energy drink has 280 milligrams of caffeine. This much caffeine can affect your heart rate and blood pressure. Having this much caffeine in your body can make you heart rate become accelerated. These sorts of drinks can also cause dehydration which is not good on your body. Mixing energy drinks and alcohol has become popular with people. It says that when you mix the two together the energy drinks counteracts the depressant effect of alcohol. Mixing the two causes your body to become more dehydrated than drinking one of the drinks alone. After you drink one or more of the mixed drinks your body wants more and you become more dehydrated. My thoughts about this type of drink are that they are not very healthy and they can cause permanent damage to your body. Why would anyone want to put something like that in there body? For me they are no good and would cause more damage to my heart than there already is and you only have one heart. My own children have tried these energy drinks and the effects they had on them were not pleasant they were full of energy and could not hold still for a minute and when the effects wore off they were too tired to do anything. When they woke up the next day they still felt tired and they said they didn’t feel all the greatest. References: The Health Effects of Energy Drinks-Associated content from Yahoo http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/234299/the _health_effects_of_energy_drinks_pg.

Tecumseh Essay -- essays papers

Tecumseh Tecumseh was born on March 9, 1768 near the Shawnee village near what is now Oldtown, Ohio. He was born to a Shawnee war chief, Pucksinwah, and his wife, Methotasa. According to Shawnee legend, a shooting star the natives called â€Å"The Panther† crossed at the same exact time as Tecumseh was born. His unsoma, or personal symbol, and his name were therefore ordained: Tecumseh, â€Å"the Panther Passing Across†. Little is known about the childhood of Tecumseh. He had an older brother, Chiksika, an older sister, Tecumapese and 3 younger brothers (triplets). His father died during the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. Before his father died, he made Tecumseh’s eldest brother promise that he would never make peace with the white settlers. The Shawnees did not give up claims to their Kentucky hunting grounds after Point Pleasant and warriors continued their raids. In 1775, the situation grew more complicated with the American Revolution starting. Although Native Americans usually sided with the British, the Shawnees chose to stay neutral. Leading this group of dissidents was Cornstalk. Cornstalk gained his people’s respect by demonstrating bravery at Point Pleasant and wisdom in following negotiations. Cornstalk met with both British and American representatives, appearing to support both sides. He appeared to support the Camp Charlotte Truce and, at the same time, appearing to be open to the idea of the Shawnees joining the war against the Americans. Cornstalk continued the neutrality as long as he could, but a large number of the Shawnee people, including Tecumseh and brother Chiksika, were growing increasingly frustrated with not being able to retaliate against the Americans who stole their land and murdered their people. As a result, they began series of attacks on settlers in Kentucky. Deciding at this point that neutrality was impossible; Cornstalk signed the Camp Charlotte Treaty, guaranteeing that he and his people with remain peaceful. Before he abandoned the treaty and sided with the British, Cornstalk felt obligated to tell the Americans. Accordingly, in October 1777, he called on Captain Matthew Arbuckle, commander of Fort Douglas on the Ohio River. Arbuckle then threw Cornstalk and two other warriors in jail. He and the other warriors later were murdered by an angry mob in the jail. After the murders, the outraged Shawnees... ... against the pale face.† In 1811, William Henry Harrison surrounded their village with 1,000 men. At dawn on November 11, 1811, 400 Indian warriors assaulted Harrison’s lines. The battle lasted for hours, resulting in a victory for Harrison. Over 150 warriors were killed. At the end of the battle, Harrison burned down the village of Kithtippecanoe. Tecumseh tried to rebuild his shattered society, but when the War of 1812 broke out, he withdrew to Michigan where he assisted the British in the capture of Detroit and led pro-British Indians in subsequent actions in southern Michigan (Monguagon) and northern Ohio (Fort Meigs). When William Henry Harrison invaded Upper Canada, Tecumseh reluctantly accompanied the British retreat. American forces at the Battle of the Thames killed him on October 5, 1813. Bibliography Cwiklik, Robert. Tecumseh: Shawnee Rebel. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1997. Edmonds, R. David. The Shawnee Profit, 1983. Foner, Eric and Garraty, John A. The History Channel Online. 1991. 28 September 2000 Nash, Gary B., ed. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Addison-Weseley Educational Publishers, Inc. 1998.

Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks Essay

Need for the study With the economic liberalization in India a number of global companies have been coming forward to invest in India and tapping perhaps and world’s biggest growing market. As the floodgates have been opened up for Multinational Companies, the global giant Coca-cola also decided to make an entry into the Indian market. In India, the per capita consumption of soft drinks is at rock bottom level even less than our neighboring countries Pakistan and Bangladesh, where it is four times as much. The last summer was particularly sweltering one, with temperatures hitting the high 40’s in some places yet; bottles were disappearing from shelves faster than they could be replaced. In the peak season, they found themselves short of capacity and having to turn around their trucks faster and faster to slake the greater Indian thirst. With growth rates zooming into the double digits, bottlers have been propelled into expanding capacities. With their big-time plans, the multinationals have changed the face of this business, long dominated by small-time businessmen. If demand continues to increase annually at an average of 20 percent, then volumes could reach one billion cases within ten years. 4 These arc ambitious targets and to reach them the cola makers will have to build capacity, infrastructure, make their bottlers more available and more affordable. There are 5. 00,000 retailers stocking soft drinks in India. Also, soft drinks which retail at any where between Rs. 9. 00 and Rs. 12. 00 are expensive when measured against purchasing power. As they concoct their strategies, keeping an eye on each other all the time, ultimately there’s only one guy they have to watch out for, who will determine their fortunes: the consumer. The real race to quench his thirst has just begun 5 Objectives of the studyTo study about the consumer preference with regard to soft drink To study about the consumer perception with regard Coca — Cola To understand the Promotional Strategies To find out the medium which is most effective in reaching the consumers? 6 Research methodology Data will be collected from a sample size 1000 and distributed over different areas by using simple Random Sampling. Random Sampling consists of 1. Demographic Segmentation 2. Sociocultural Segmentation 3. Use-Related Segmentation 4. Use-Situation Segmentation Analysis 1. Data Analysis is done both qualitatively and quantitatively. 2. The analysis is presented pictographically using bar graphs The period of the study is past one year 7 Scope of the study The new economic policies of the Govt. of India adopted in the mid eighties were given further impetus by the early nineties. The Indian market has undergone considerable changed as a direct consequence of many of these policies and soft drink industry is no exception to this. Keeping the above – mentioned perspective in the background, the researcher has selected soft drink market, since the marketing task his became more challenging and intensive competition has opened up new vistas. Companies are evolving marketing strategies by studying the demands of the market place increasingly penetrating into appropriate market segments introducing differentiated products to improve their market share. The soft drink market has achieved an accelerated growth in the past decade. Soft drinks include ail types of non – alcohol carbonated flavored or otherwise sweetened beverages. The entry of Pepsi and the reentry of Coca – Cola in the India market arc inevitably facing stiff competition but the ultimate winner is customer/consumer. This has led the researcher to study me perception of consumers towards different brands of soft drinks and to gauge out the 8 promotional strategic being adopted by the marketers to lure promiscuous buyers and win a larger share in the markets.

Coach Knight vs Coach Krzyszewski Essay

In the contemporary business world, there are many different styles of leaderships. All of them are approaches used by individuals, which are based on their values, preferences and beliefs but also on organizational culture and norms which encourage some styles and discourage others. Leadership styles work most efficiently if they are adapted to the demands of the situation, the requirements of the involved people and the challenges facing the organization. There is a difference in ways leaders approach their employees. In the analysis of Coach Knight and of Coach Krzyszewski’s leadership types, the authors sketch two successful leaders who were great achievers despite huge differences in their leadership styles. Couch Knight led through intimidation and tough discipline while Coach K. through positive reinforcement, trust and confidence. a) Describe Coach Krzyszewski’s leadership style. What are his basic assumptions about motivation, leading and human nature? Coach Krzyszewski had one rule, he and his basketball team followed: â€Å"Don’t do anything that’s detrimental to yourself. Because if it’s detrimental to you, it‘ll be detrimental to our program and to Duke University.† He believed that having too many rules keep leaders from making decisions, and instead of allowing them to be flexible and dynamic, they limit them. He is truly a leader with few simple rules which help him to build a successful team and become one of the famous trainers in the basketball history. As the West Point graduate he breathed the three main virtues: honesty, honor and discipline. And discipline was one of the basic traits every one of his team players had to learn. Being one of the best Coach Knight’s students, he never underestimated the importance of preparation. He also expected the same from each of his boys â€Å"(†¦) to do what they are supposed to do in the best possible manner at the time they are suppose to do†. Coach Krzyszewski assisted his team at each exercise and game; he studied and practiced with them any possible strategy. But he was more than just trainer of his team. He managed to establish an instant trust and common respect within the whole team. He invested time in â€Å"getting inside player’s head, understanding, where (the player) comes from and helping him get to where all need to be as a team†. His taught and practiced an open and close communication with and within his team; he didn’t use whistle and always looked straight into ones eyes when one was talking to him. This principle was lived by everyone in the team, including the Coach. This way he encouraged and enforced the honest communication. Yes – Coach K. was imprinted by honesty, another West Point virtue. His primary motivator was not fear but values, and the biggest among them were: friendship, family and love. Father to three daughters and a whole basketball team, as he used to joke, he didn’t shy away from showing his feelings for his players and the game. And as fathers are, although caring and advising, also just and punishing in the situations which required such actions. This Coach truly believed that people are good, self-motivated and they deserve being treated with respect, love and care – these were the values he learnt at home where â€Å"sharing with one another and caring for one another was all about it†. b) Describe Coach Knight’s leadership style. What are his basic assumptions about motivation, leading and human nature? Comparing to his student, the master Coach Knight was a so called: â€Å"tough guy†. He motto was: â€Å" follow the rules, do exactly what I tell you and you will not loose.† He did not accept any opposition and told his players often: â€Å"Boys, you have to listen to me!†. Coach Knight did not accept from his players anything but the best, and this – all the time. He was intense and passionate about all he did. He was never satisfied with their results, and he pushed them always more to the edge of their physical and mental capabilities. There was no place for a mistake, he had no understanding for imperfection; he used to say: â€Å"If a coach tolerates a mistake, kids will be satisfied with mistakes†. As a former West Point disciplinarian, Coach Knight never stopped to be a soldier and his passion for winning never left him. He led and won his little battles using his own team, thus probably often called by his fans: â€Å"General†. Very demanding, obsessed with hard work and preparation, he used punishment and threat as his primary motivator. His definition of discipline was: â€Å"to do what you have to do, and do it as well as you possibly can, and do it that way all the time.† The same motto, that one of his best students: Coach K. acquired and followed in his successful life as a basketball coach – how differently though! Father to two boys, he didn’t treat them differently than his basketball players – motivating them the same way by using harsh language, push-ups, shouting and intimidation. Being a tyrant, he still was a parent with the â€Å"tough love† approach. In his own special way, he took care of his â€Å"boys†, even if he didn’t show it openly. When one of his players got injured in an accident, he raised money to support him and his family. Even if very few of his students appreciated his way of showing the affection, many of them stayed in touch with him after they left school, what he considered as the best reward for being a coach. Many of them became great players and many years after, thanked him and credited him as one of the most important mentors they ever had. Coach Knight, the great achiever, believed that people can never be successful without being strictly supervised, threatened and pushed over their limits. c) Who is more effective? Why? It is easy to compare leadership styles of both coaches, Coach Krzyszewski and Coach Knight, since they are so different from each other. And it is hard to believe that one of them was the teacher of the other one. To answer the question which of these styles is more effective is not so easy and straightforward though. Both men are passionate about their jobs, very disciplined. Both care very much about their players beyond the basketball court. They are successful in their long carriers, have their followers and fans and are acknowledged not only as top basketball coaches but as leadership teachers. Both are authentic and equally effective as leaders, although there may be different situations when one or the other leadership style, they present, is preferred. d) Under what conditions would you hire Coach K? Coach Knight? I believe that the leadership style of Coach Krzyszewski would be much more appreciated in organizations where team work, creativity, openness, good communication and flexibility are encouraged. Organizations, which motivate and support their employee’s development, let them take the responsibility and decide the way to achieve it. Coach Knight would be a very good choice for companies with clear structures and centered responsibilities, where the compliance is rewarded and any signs of rejection are punished. He would be a perfect leader for groups where individual and highly performing work is preferred over team work and communication, as for example: in a sales team. In such groups, each member works against time and responsibility for the accomplished work is centered. Leaders in these types of organizations do not use feedback to encourage their employees, and motivation is based on threat and fear. Organizations, where one is respected and not necessarily liked, would very likely consider hiring Coach Knight.

Effects of Migration Into Cities Essays

Effects of Migration Into Cities Essays Effects of Migration Into Cities Essay Effects of Migration Into Cities Essay The effects of moving into a new city or town Today everybody is going in the glamorous world of cities where one can progress and make the best use of his or her life. Parents†¦.. Listen to their talks with their children. They say that my son or daughter will settle or go to abroad one day. And with this they start imagining and forcing their child to get highest degree and run away from where they are. Each parent today has this mentality that there is heaven like something in abroad and much else. There are many such examples to discuss. But for now one is enough I think. In terms of living a life in a new city there are many possibilities of advantages as well as disadvantages as can be seen in education, employment and settlement point of view. These three things can be much better improved in a city where there is much scope to put a step forward towards his or her aim. In a city each one who is settled there has only one intention to earn a gallon of paper notes and coins and live a luxurious and easy way of life. This luxurious life is expected by all people. But there is something called feeling of attachment. There is an attachment towards his or her native place. One cannot forget his or her childhood days or their neighbours and the love between them. Emotions are not allowed in a city or the town. Today since all the places are becoming industrialized there is no space for emotions but only profit. And because of this all the people are running after them. There is a great effect on especially the country. Since all the citizens are settled in abroad and the income they earn is of no use to the country, the country’s economic status lowers as compared to other countries. The newer generation is no longer staying in their native country specially India. India is full of corruption, they say. But it is not so. If the abroad based thinkers try, the situation can be changed. The major disadvantage of moving to a new city is the loss of attachment to the native place and their neighbours. From birth we are attached to our villages or town, its nature, its culture and its people. But as we move to a new area, far from ours, we cannot accept its culture and people very easily. We cannot adjust there due to our unforgettable habits with our ulture. As we move to a new city, we have to accept the people, the culture, and their behaviors and accordingly we have to adjust. But it is not so easy. Since the people are keenly interested in earning money and luxurious life they are ready to do anything for this. According to me, I can’t accept the concept of moving to a new place permanently. Because it affects our native place or country. Earlier during the British rule all the intelligent brains of India were sent out to England or the other countries out of India. So that the foreign countries would progress better in terms of technology. But with this, India had to suffer in its progression. Today after British rule is no longer still their mentality always exists in each Indian that to go to abroad but not to stay here in India. The aim of writing this article is to aware the people of not to go to abroad but it is better and much better to stay in your own country and sacrifice your talents to your people and their future. Prachiti Ganpule SYBA, St. Xavier’s college, Mapusa Goa

Tropical Cyclone Characteristics

Tropical Cyclone Characteristics Tropical depressions, tropical storms, hurricanes, and typhoons are all examples of tropical cyclones - organized systems of clouds and thunderstorms that form over warm waters and rotate around a low-pressure center. A Generic Term composed of a system of thunderstorms that shows a cyclonic rotation around a central core or eye. A tropical cyclone is a generic term for a storm with an organized system of thunderstorms that are not based on a frontal system. To learn more about what tropical cyclones are called depending on their winds blow, read What TCs are called from birth to dissipation. Tropical cyclones are not only called certain things here in the U.S. depending on how strong they are, but theyre also known by different names depending on where you are in the world.  In the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Pacific, tropical cyclones are known as hurricanes. In the Western Pacific Ocean, tropical cyclones are known as typhoons. In the Indian Ocean, a tropical cyclone is simply called a cyclone. These names are described in the article - is it a typhoon, a cyclone, or a hurricane? Must-Have Ingredients for a Tropical Cyclone Each individual tropical cyclone differs, but several characteristics are common to most tropical cyclones, including: A central low-pressure zone and high wind speeds of at least 34 knots. At this point, the storms are given a pre-determined storm name. Most storms are accompanied by a lot of rain and storm surges near the shore. Often, once the storms make landfall, the tropical cyclone can cause tornadoes. A tropical cyclone needs warm ocean temperatures in order to form. Temperatures in the ocean need to be at least 82 degrees Fahrenheit in order to form. Heat is drawn up from the oceans creating what is popularly called a heat engine. Tall convective towers of clouds are formed within the storm as warm ocean water evaporates. As the air rises higher it cools and condenses releasing latent heat which causes even more clouds to form and feed the storm. Tropical cyclones can form any time these conditions are met, but they are most prone to form from during the warm season months (May to November in the Northern Hemisphere). Rotation and Forward Speed Like ordinary low-pressure systems, tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere is counter-clockwise due to the Coriolis Effect. The opposite is true in the Southern Hemisphere. The forward speed of a tropical cyclone can be a factor in determining the amount of damage the storm will cause. If a storm remains over one area for a long period of time, torrential rains, high winds, and flooding can severely impact an area. The average forward speed of a tropical cyclone is dependent on the latitude where the storm is currently. Generally, at less than 30 degrees of latitude, the storms will move at about 20 mph on average. The closer the storm is located the equator, the slower the movement. Some storms will even stall out over an area for an extended period of time. After about 35 degrees North latitude, the storms start to pick up speed. Storms can also become entangled with one another in a process known as the Fujiwhara Effect where tropical cyclones can interact with each other. Specific storm names in each of the ocean basins vary based on conventional naming practices. For instance, in the Atlantic Ocean, storms are given names based on an alphabetical pre-determined list of Atlantic hurricane names. Severe hurricanes names are often retired. Edited by Tiffany Means

Napoleonic Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Napoleonic Wars - Essay Example By the end of 1813 that mythology of invincibility had disappeared, mainly due to the disastrous campaign in Russia. The background to this campaign was the simplification of national borders and the increase of nationalist sentiments that had at least been catalyzed by French ideas that had developed since the French Revolution. Thus Napoleon's own use of nationalistic sentiment was causing resentment against French domination within other countries (Schom, 1998). This was perhaps not the best time to launch a campaign against a formidable enemy that would take Napoleon far from those countries that were starting to stir against French imperialism. But as with many military commanders both before and since, Napoleon had started to believe in his own legend, and it would eventually lead to his downfall (Gengembre, 2003). In the spring of 1812 Napoleon began to mass his troops in Poland, that was currently under French rule. This was clearly an attempt to intimidate Alexander, who had been showing an increasing tendency not to trust he official alliance between France and Russia. By the summer of 1812 about 453,000 men, probably the largest armed force ever gathered in one place up until that time, had been brought together in Poland. Napoleon called it his Grande Armee, and its message to the Russians was quite clear. The Russians, perhaps aware that the hu... 130 years later to Hitler, Napoleon appeared to be advancing with miraculous speed, but in fact the Russians were adopting a "scorched earth policy" in which they destroyed anything of value before retreating in front of the French forces. This meant that the French could not gather together provisions and supplies that would be needed in the coming winter. Drawn to the centre of Russia, with the supposed prize of Moscow, as a moth is to a light, Napoleon advanced through the country until he met the Russian forces at the Battle of Borodino on September 7th, 1812. This was a bloody, violent battle, but was inconclusive as to its result. Even though neither side had gained a clear victory, Napoleon carried on advancing and entered Moscow on about September 14th. The Russians had deserted the city, Alexander would not meet with Napoleon to discuss terms for the Russian "surrender" and much of the city burned down within days of Napoleon's arrival.Napoleon had won perhaps the most Pyrrhic victory of all time: he was faced with a stalemate in which he had taken Moscow, but could not sustain it because his supply lines were desperately strained and he needed to retreat before the full onset of winter. One of the great mistakes that Napoleon had made was having neither enough nor the correct quality horses. In the retreat many of the cavalry had to kill their horses in order to eat them. Many others died of cold, disease and starvation. This meant that Napoleon's forces could receive neither food supplies nor reinforcements nor supplied for their weapons. The French lost about 200,000 horses in the campaign, as well as 1,000 artillery pieces. These were large losses that Napoleon could not really afford considering the various campaigns that were to come. He had also