Principles of Project Management - 3022 Words

Table of Contents The principles of project management2 Viability of Projects Success/Failure Criteria4 Additional standard for the projects success/failure6 Calvert Social Index success/failure criteria7 Principles behind project management systems and procedures7 Human and material resources to achieve successful projects8 Information Security Audit System and Procedures 9 Key elements involved in terminating projects and conducting post-project appraisals 9 key elements involved in terminating projects 10 Situations where a terminated project can still be considered again10 References11 Investigate Project Management principles A. Discuss the principles of project management (1.1) 1. The Commitment†¦show more content†¦6. The Single-Point Responsibility Principle This principle is an extension of the management principle and is needed for effective management of the project commitment. Clear communication is very important for the coordination of a complicated project activity. A single channel of communication must exist between the project sponsor and the project team leader for all decisions affecting the product scope. 7. The Cultural Environment Principle Management must provide an informed and supportive cultural environment to ensure that the project delivery team are able to work to the limits of their capacity. Whatever methodology or framework you prefer, it must be modified to suit the requirements and needs of your project. Rather than sticking to methodology, the project manager must be able to get used to procedures to meet the demands of the work in hand. the management of the organization in which the project takes place must be supportive and the environment free of obstacles in the way of project progress. (Wideman, Robert Max; Bing, John A.; Neal, Gerald;, 2000) B. Appraise the viability of at least five (5) project’s success/ failure criteria (1.2) To be successful, a project must have: 1. Agreement or arrangement among the project stakeholders – the project team, customer, project leader skills and management – on the objective of the project. 2. A project plan that shows what is capable, shows an overallShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Project Management3038 Words   |  13 PagesThe principles of project management2 Viability of Projects Success/Failure Criteria4 Additional standard for the projects success/failure6 Calvert Social Index success/failure criteria7 Principles behind project management systems and procedures7 Human and material resources to achieve successful projects8 Information Security Audit System and Procedures 9 Key elements involved in terminating projects and conducting post-project appraisals 9 key elements involved in terminating projects 10Read MoreThe Principles Of Project Management3083 Words   |  13 PagesTask 1: Project Management Principles The principles of project management has served a purpose to ensure that projects can be completed by helping to strategically plan and predict risk to ensure project success. Projects have been ran from pre historian times and until 1900, projects were â€Å"generally managed by the creative architects and engineers themselves† as there was no recognized profession of project management (Lock, 2007, p.2). The Dixon Company would require the use of project managementRead MoreThe Principles Of Project Management1748 Words   |  7 Pagesclosely related to PMBOK principles of project management, it incorporates the basic belief and put forward a framework for addressing risk and uncertainties within project management domain. This model has been formulated by undertaking serious research involving multiple dimensions. Henceforth, the model presents a solid framework to understand basic project elements and map them accordingly to understand what type of methodologies and skill set will be required by the project manager to effectivelyRead MoreThe Principles Of Project Management2753 Words   |  12 PagesPrinciples of Project Management Assignment Two CSI 5113 Dental Hospital Project Prepared by Crackers IT services Student name Student number Nitin Sharma 10333653 Submitted to David Cook Date of submission: 29//2014 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. EXECTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. INITIATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2.1 BACKGROUND†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.2 CURRENT STATE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.3 OBJECTVES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.4 ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.5 OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.6 PROJECTRead MoreProject Management Principles Of A Project Manager Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Construction projects have always been a very important part of human civilisation. For handling a construction project there need men, money, machinery, material and management. The project would be successful when the project manager has these five variables under control. The key to project success is to pick the right project manager. A right project manager is the person who manages the triple constraints (cost, quality and time), scope and safety for the project to be planned in a correctRead MoreProject Management Principles For Assesing Management1195 Words   |  5 PagesStandards 6.1 Project Management We manage our projects in accordance to PRINCE2 project management principles. KAAN takes the role of assisting a client very seriuously, therefore, we persue every task with utmost precision and expect nothing but the best for our client. In case of errors proven to be commited by us, we tend to raise them as soon as they are identified and would suggest the most accurate solution to rectify it. We tend to be adaptive and flexible with every project we do and tryRead MorePrinciples Of Management Final Project2090 Words   |  9 PagesPrinciples of Management Final Project – A Closer Look at Express-Scripts Express-Scripts is a widely renowned company who grew from a small-town pharmacy into the billion dollar company it is today. Many factors attribute to the growth and success of Express-Scripts and any who take a closer look into how this company came to be soon realize that it has only been through the process of hard-work, dedication, strategic planning and finding just the right niche in the marketplace. Express-ScriptsRead MoreLesson 9-Project Management Principles6103 Words   |  25 PagesProject Management Principals Chapter 6: Executing Projects Note: See the text itself for full citations. An Introduction to Project Management, Third Edition Copyright 2010 2 Learning Objectives ââ€" ¸ ââ€" ¸ List several tasks and outputs of project execution Discuss what is involved in directing and managing project execution as part of project integration management, including the importance of producing promised deliverables, implementing solutions to problems, evaluating work performanceRead MoreMba Project Management, Strategic Planning, Principles Of Marketing And The Real Business World1042 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness phenomenon better and solve the problem’s effectively, I must explore MBA in depth and so I did my Bachelorette in commerce which includes the courses related to MBA like Project Management, Strategic Planning, Principles of Marketing and so on. I also took the electives like Advertising, Human Resources Management by myself. Case studies in these courses enabled me to link theory with practice and it was through them that I found myself very much interested in market information. MBA withRead MoreEssay on MBA detail course outline1314 Wor ds   |  6 Pages(Evening): 1.5 years (Quarters, 3, 4, 7, 8 14) General Management 1st Quarter Effective : Spring Quarter 2011 Human Resource Management Finance Accounting Banking Finance †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research

Coastal Processes and Landforms free essay sample

Swell or surging waves created by distant storms (low frequency (6-8/minute); long wavelength (up to 100m); low flatter waves (lt;1m); low energy and stronger swash than backwash Destructive Waves   Storm or plunging waves created by local winds / storms (high frequency (10-12/minute); short wavelength (lt;20m); high steep wave (gt;1m); high energy and backwash stronger than swash Fetch   the distance over which wind has blown (i. . distance a wave travels from when it starts formation to when it breaks) Standing wave clapotis   where this is deep water at a coastline with steep hard rock cliffs and so waves dont break, energy is just reflected Swash   the movement of water up a beach Backwash   the movement of water back down a beach Wave Crest   Highest point of the wave Wave Trough   Lowest point of the wave Wave Height   The distance between the crest and the trough of a wave Wave Length   The distance between two wave crests Wave Frequency   The number of waves per minute Wave Period   The time between two successive crests / troughs (secs) Wave Steepness   Ratio of Wave Height:Wave Length Wave Base   Depth below which there is no orbital movement Wave Refraction   where waves become increasingly parallel to the coast occurs as waves approach an irregular coastline Hydraulic Action   An erosion process where air becomes trapped and compressed in a joint / crack in a rock by a breaking wave, gradually breaking rock apart. We will write a custom essay sample on Coastal Processes and Landforms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Abrasion   An erosion process where cliffs are worn away by rocks and boulders thrown against them by the waves Solution   An erosion process where acids in the sea water gradually dissolve minerals in rocks. Wave Pounding   An erosion process where the shear force of the waves constantly hitting again cliffs gradually breaks them down (waves can have considerable energy up to 30 tonnes per m2) Attrition   An erosion process where rocks and boulders become smaller as they hit against each other gradually breaking each other down. Sub-aerial processes   weathering process that can also attack coastlines, weakening and gradually breaking down rock (includes processes such as freeze thaw; biological weathering etc. Longshore Drift   the movement of material along a coastline Erosion Features  (you must learn the formation of these features and named examples) Wave-cut platform   a gently sloping rocky platform as the base of a cliff, left behind as cliffs retreat (covered at high tide) Headland   a hard resistant rocky outcrop jutting out into the sea Bay   an indent in the coastline formed due to the erosion of less resistant rock Cave   a large natural hollow in a cliff face Arch   a feature cut through a headland formed where two caves have eroded back to back Stack   An isolated pillar of rock left behind as a headland as eroded backwards. Stump   a short rocky pillar left when a stack collapses (likely to be submerged at high tide) Deposition Features Beach   an accumulation of sand and shingle formed by deposition at the shore zone where land meets the sea. Spit   long and narrow accumulation of sand / shingle, projecting into the sea with one end attached to the mainland. Tombolo   A spit that has joined the mainland to an island Offshore Bar   A ridge of shingle and sand, not joined to the mainland at high tide (it may be at low tide, although not necessarily) On-shore Bar   This is where a spit has joined two headland formed across a bay in to which no major river flows Cuspate Foreland   a triangular shaped accretion of sand and shingle, believed to be formed due to the joining of two spits (originating from opposite directions). Changes in Sea-Level and Related Features Sea Level Change   rise or fall in sea-level relative to the land Isostatic Sea-level Change   local change in sea-level related to a change in height of land relative to the sea (e. g. isostatic re-adjustment as ice melts, land gradually rises as the weight of ice has been removed resulting in a relative fall in sea-level) Eustatic Sea-level Change   global change in sea-level related to changes in global volumes of water Submerged Coastline   results from a relative rise in sea-level Emerged Coastline   results from a relative fall in sea-level Estuary   tidal mouth of a river A flooded river valley (a feature of submergence) Fjord   A flooded glacial valley (a feature of submergence) Raised Beach   A beach no longer affected by coastal processes as it is now higher than the present sea-level (a feature of emergence) Abandoned Cliff   A cliff line, which may exhibit features of coastal erosion such as caves and arches but which is no longer affected by the erosion processes which originally formed these features as it is now higher than the present sea-level ( a feature of emergence)

Time Takes Time free essay sample

Last year was a busy one for the three surviving ex-Beatles, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. Paul worked on a new album, and George is scheduled to come out with a live double album of one of his Japan concerts. This leaves us with Ringo. So what has he done? He had his third consecutive summer tour. Besides that, he has come out with a new album. Its his first studio album in 11 years! Entitled, Time Takes Time, it could be the best of all the albums he has put out since The Beatles broke up in 1970. The album starts with Weight of the World, which is the albums first single. It deals with everyday troubles of the world, and how its weight is bringing us down. In it, Ringo advises us to get the weight of the world off our shoulders. Dont Know a Thing About Love begins with Ringo proclaiming, Lets start swinging! He has a way with words, and the song swings along just fine. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Takes Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dont Go Where the Road Dont Go is Ringos personal favorite from the album. It could be the rock highlight of the album (or all his albums). It deals with his past problems with alcohol. Golden Blunders breaks out with Ringo and a gently strummed acoustic guitar. The basis of the song is simple (just look at the title, folks). All in the Name of Love is one of Ringos best ballads. When I heard the cowbell intro, however, I thought it would be another country Ringo hoe-down, like his 1970 album, Beaucoup of Blues. The cowbell was just a percussive count in, and after the fifth hit, one of his most charming melodies began. After All These Years is another good rocker with more interesting lyrics. It was produced by ELOs Jeff Lynne, who also played several instruments on this track. I Dont Believe You is a country-flavored tune, and it does roll along quite nicely. It harkens back to Ringos early vocals with The Beatles, like What Goes On, from 1965. Runaways starts off with the sounds of a citys streets at night, and tells about children who have run away from home and are living on the streets. In a Heartbeat, along with All in the Name of Love, are definitely top-rate ballads. I prefer In a Heartbeat slightly more than the latter. What Goes Around is the albums last song, and clocks in at 5: 50 (quite long for a Ringo song). Its a good song to end with, as it deals with the what goes around comes around concept. I highly recommend Ringo Starrs Time Takes Time. Its a lot different from Ringos earlier works, and should appeal to Beatles/Ringo fans who grew up in the 1960s, and to people of our own generation. n

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buy custom The Sun Recorded Through History essay The heat energy is supplied to a fluid, which is heated until it vaporizes; the vapor is then compressed at high pressure, and released at high pressure to give motion to a gas turbine that is coupled to a generator. When the turbine is set into motion by pressurized gas or water vapor it rotates the shaft connected to the generator, which in turn rotates the shaft connected to the coil of the generator giving motion to the coil of the generator. A generator is a machine or a device, which converts mechanical energy to electricity. The mechanical energy that is converted to electrical energy can be obtained from nuclear and chemical energy found in various types of fuel, it can also be obtained from sources such as falling water or wind. This mechanical energy can be supplied to the generator using water or wind turbines, electric motors, gas combustion turbines, internal combustion engines and steam engines. The working principle of a generator is based on the electromagnetic induction phenomenon. The generator has a conductor that is placed between two magnets; the movement of the conductor relative to the magnetic field created by the two magnets induces a voltage in the conductor. If there is an external circuit connected to the conductor, the voltage induced in the conductor would create a current in the circuit, and the energy in this circuit can be delivered to a load. To obtain a larger current from the conductor, a large force must be applied to rotate the conductor and keep it in motion. Most modern generators have self excited fields; this means that the current in the field coils comes from the additional exciting winding found in the armature. Before the voltage is fed in the field coils, it is rectified by passing it through a diode bridge, then passes through a regulator. A portion of current that is generated by the generator flows into the field coil generating a magnetic field. However, before the generator is started the magnetic field is generated using the residual magnetism in the cores of the magnets or a current from a battery. Biofuels, which include ethanol or biodiesel, are known as liquid sunlight. Ethanol is produced using plants to convert solar energy into a liquid that is used as a source of energy in transportation system. Plants capture the suns energy through the process of photosynthesis, and then transform the energy to cellulose, sugars and starches (Nelson par 8). Ethanol is later manufactured using various industrial processes by combining water with plant material with an addition of energy; the processes produce ethanol and byproducts, which include polluted water. The resultant product, which is ethanol, is then used in transportation systems. The current processes of producing ethanol from sunlight are regarded as involving and costly. The required raw materials is from biomass, mostly from sugarcane and corn among other energy crops, and this energy crops must be grown extensively for large-scale production; this has a huge economic implication and creates competition for land with the food crops. Technology of converting sunlight into fuel has taken another route in order to solve the problem of competition for land with for food crops, and reduce the cost of production. The latest technology uses bacterium that is genetically modified to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to fuel; this technology is expected to produce more fuel than that produced by ethanol (Nelson par16). When 1litre of ethanol is burnt, it produces 23.5 million joules. Rivers are natural systems that provide falling water or flowing water that sets a generator into motion. The falling or flowing water is because of the water cycle caused by sunlight, when the sunlight heats the earth surface, it causes evaporation of water from the earth surface, this water in the form of vapor rises up the earth surface, and when it reaches the high regions above the earth surface, it condenses, and later falls as rain. The rain water percolates through the soil and rocks, and collects in channels forming rivers. The water in the rivers flows and if a generator is placed in its path, it gives the generator a motion, if the water in the river encounters a steep rock it creates a waterfall, and when a generator is placed below the waterfall, the falling water gives the generator a motion. This energy from falling or flowing water gives motion to the generator, and it is considered ultimately from the sun because without the sun, the water on the earth surface would not evaporate, condense and fall as rain that later collects to form rivers that flow. The ice that forms on top of mountains also melts to form water that flows down the mountain to join the rivers that flows giving motion to the generator; without sunlight, the ice on top of mountains would not melt to water, and there could be no water flowing in rivers to give motion to the generator. The amount of energy that reaches the top atmosphere is 1,360 watts per square meter, and the amount arriving at the earth is 340 watt per every square meter. This is only one quarter of the solar irradiance; it is also the average amount of energy that reaches an individuals roof per square meter. However, the exact amount reaching ones roof in a day depends on the location of the house on the earth surface, the time of the year and time of the day. When one wants to use the 340 watt energy per square meter and the daily consumption of 14,400 watts per day, then a 26 square solar panel is required, which cost almost $16,000, and since sunshine is not consistent an inverter is required, which increases the cost of installation further. Looking at the annual electricity bill, it amounts to $91, it is better to use electricity from the main than pay for all that money for installation. The payback period for such an energy system is long, and considering the low efficiency of solar pow er systems, it is not worthy investing in them; this is why many people shy from using these systems. Solar cells are used in satellites, calculator and solar power production systems; they are also referred to as photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are constructed using semiconductor materials such as silicon; these cells convert sunlight straight into electricity. When the suns light strikes the solar cell, part of it is absorbed in the semiconductor material, and knocks the electros in the structure making them free to flow. The electric field in the semiconductor material then forces the free electrons to flow in a particular direction, and as the electrons flow they create an electric current. Silicon, a material used to make the solar cell havespecial properties, especially when it is in crystalline form, it has 14 electrons in its three shells, the first and second shells have two and eight electrons respectively. The third hell has only four electrons, this means that this level is half full, therefore, it will always seek for how to fill the remaining space for four electrons. Silicon will be forced to share electrons with the atoms surrounding it, forming a pure crystalline structure; this structure does not readily onduct electricity because it has no free electrons (Martnez 321). Therefore, the structure is mixed with atoms with free electrons such as phosphorus to make it conduct electricity. When the sunlight strikes this structure, it forces the electrons to break free, and each electron leaves a hole behind and looks for another electron to occupy; this causes the electrons to move randomly in the crystalline lattice, and as they move, the carry current. The performance of a PV cell depends on conditions such as the type of PV cells, solar spectral, angle of incidence, solar irradiance and the temperature. Approximately 90% of solar panels used today are made of crystalline silicon; they convert 15-20% of the sunlight to electricity (Martnez 346). There are solar cells that have a thin film of crystalline silicon, this type of solar cells converts 4-10% of sunlight reaching it. The solar cell produces a DC current, which can be used to power DC devices, however, for systems that are designed to power AC machines or appliances, an inverter is included to change the DC current to AC. A refrigerator is a system that transfers heat from a region of low-energy to a region of high-energy reservoir. This system consists of the following components, the cooling coil, evaporator, condenser, compressor, condenser pump, cooling tower, cooling tower fan. The refrigerant absorbs heat from the chiller or freezer chamber, then moves evaporates in the evaporator and sucked by the compressor and discharged outside the refrigerator. The air condition uses the working principle similar to that of a refrigerator, however, the difference is that the air conditioner cools a bigger space when it is compared to the refrigerator; it can cool an entire room, while a refrigerator cools only a chiller or freezer. The air conditioner consists of a compressor, condenser and evaporator; the working fluid goes through the compressor at while it is cool and at a low pressure, it is then compressed and passed to the condenser at a high pressure, then passed to the evaporator where it changes from liquid to vapor, as it cools the room (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 285). The vapor is then cooled in the condenser and sacked back into the compressor, and the cycle repeats itself. The refrigerator can be used as an air conditioner if it is improvised by placing the evaporator in an open place that needs to be cooled. This is because their mode of operation is the same. The only difference is the size of the area they are cooling. The conversion of heat energy to electricity has been tried using several physical phenomena, however, the direct conversion has not been fully achieved; this is because of the temperature levels between the processes of operation. The Carnot efficiency is an efficiency that operates within the same limits of temperature between the source and the sink. Many systems converting heat energy to electricity have tried operating within the same limit of temperature, but the result is only a small percentage of the ideal efficiency, which is the Carnot efficiency (Chen par 12). This is because of the inefficiencies of the converting system, an example of such systems is a system that converts heat energy to electricity using thermocouple; this system produces electromotive force when one of the dissimilar conductor gains heat while the other remains cold. The conductors of the thermocouple are metals that are inefficient in converting heat to electricity; the metals are good electricity co nductors, and at the same time good thermal conductors, this makes the hot conductor lose the heat it has gained to the cold metal conductor, thus lowering its temperature. Such a system cannot achieve Carnot efficiency because the Carnot cycle assumes that all the heat gained from the source is converted to electricity without loses. The Carnot cycle efficiency is computed using the formula %u1DAF = 1 T2/T1 where T2 is the temperature of the conductor and T1 is the temperature of the source of heat (Chen par 15). This is the best efficiency one can hope for when converting heat energy to electricity. The earth is an engine that is controlled by the heat from the sun, the goes round the sun and because of its spherical shape it receives varying heat from the sun, with the tropics receiving more heat than the poles. This creates an imbalance in the available heat on the earth surface, and to balance the heat, energy is transferred from places with low latitudes to those of high latitude. The imbalance in the earth heat is also brought about by the rotation of the earth around the sun, which creates days and nights; places that experience day and night receive more heat energy from the sun at a given when compared to those experiencing night. The imbalance of heat on the earth which caused by uneven heating of the earth by the sun determines the earths vegetation cover, ice, precipitation and temperature. The difference in temperatures controls the movement of air from one region to another; this movement involves cold and warm air, and depending on the kind of air present in a region, the region is referred to as either warm or cold. The difference in precipitation and vegetation cover is also caused by uneven heat of the earth by the sun, when the earth is heated the water on the earth surface rises in form of vapor and later condenses and falls in form of precipitation, and the precipitation gives vegetation enough water required for its growth. This explains why the tropics receive much rain and have more vegetation cover than the poles. The uneven heating also controls the amount ice in different regions, with regions receiving less heat from the sun having more ice than those receiving more heat. The above described aspects also affect the population of people and animals in various regions around the earth; areas with high precipitation and vegetation are mostly inhabited by people and animals, while those with less vegetation, precipitation or covered with ice are avoided by human being and most animals. All this is controlled by the heat from the sun. Nuclear fission is a process where elements with large nucleus are split into small nuclei, nuclear power plants and industries that manufacturing nuclear weapons use this process. Elements that are used in this process include plutonium-239, Uranium-233 and Uranium-235, when these elements are struck by a neutron moving at a slow speed, they undergo fission. An example of such a reaction process is The result of the fission process is elements of smaller nuclei and a neutron, the neutron can be used to split another Uranium-235. The process goes on and on leading to a chain of reactions, however, the reaction should be controlled, else the chain reactions would lead to an explosion. The moderated reaction can be used in a nuclear reactor as a source of fuel; it is used together with control rods to control the process by absorbing excess neutrons. Elements are identified using the nuclei of the parent atoms, for instance, carbon is an element with 6 protons in its nucleus while Uranium is an elemennt with 92 protons in the nucleus. Uranium is the heaviest element; heavy elements are formed from light elements through the process of fusion. The simplest reaction being hydrogen and hydrogen, and later, the fusion reactions merge to form heavier elements. During the formation of the universe, there were high temperatures and density known as big bang, and only the elements with heavy nucleus were formed, this includes, hydrogen, beryllium, helium and lithium. Heavier elements such as Uranium were created during a nuclear reaction that took place in the stars, as well as during huge stellar explosions referred to as supernovas (MacDonald 256). The sun and other stars, and planets such Earth had other elements apart from hydrogen and helium, and these elements, which included Uranium formed after the explosion of the 1st generation of enormous stars known as supernovas (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 357). Uranium was first discovered on the planet Uranus, and at first it was named Uranus by Martin Klaproth. It is found in pitchblende ore, which is an ore of zinc and iron, however, it can also be found in coffinite, uranophane, carnotite and uraninite minerals. Uranium is considered as a solar power, this is because its formations originated from the formation of energy emitted by the Sun. The solar power was formed from the fusion of hydrogen atoms to form helium atom, the helium atom later combined with other hydrogen atoms to form heavier atoms. The heavier atoms such as Uranium were formed through the fusion of atoms that were lighter that themselves; this shows that power that comes from Uranium is actually solar power because without the initial reaction to form solar power, then the other reactions that led to the formation of Uranium could not have happened. Many scientists worked hard to discover the source of sunshine, and in 1904, Ernest Rutherford discovered that the sunshine was emanating from the emission of alpha particles by radioactive substances. This discovery implied that nuclear energy was the source of sunshine; however, more research proved that the sun did not have much radioactive material, and instead, the sun contained more hydrogen gas. Scientists also discovered that the amount of energy generated by a star does not vary with temperature, but it depended on the interior temperatures of the star (MacDonald 167). These discoveries helped them come closer to the answer, later Aston discovered something that rested many scientists; he discovered that hydrogen nuclei was heavier than helium nucleus, a concept that was used by Eddington to conclude that the sunshine was because of the conversion of hydrogen atoms to helium. This process was known as fusion, and the energy produced from this process depends on the mass of t he atoms, this relation was derived from Einsteins energy equation; E =mc2. The process of fusion could make the sunshine for approximately 100 billion years. 41H 4He + 2e+ + 2+ energy, This process of energy production utilized by the earth has been a dream of mankind to solve the nagging problem of energy around the world. Scientists and researchers have been working hard to achieve this process that produces abundance of energy, they have the equation that result in the large amount of energy, which is the fusion of 4 atoms of hydrogen to form one atom of helium, two positrons, two electrons and energy. However, they realized that hydrogen atoms are positive particles; this means that they repel each other, and bringing them together is difficult. According to Bahcall, it was realized that stars that were heavier than the sun fused the hydrogen atoms using carbon as a catalyst, however, the energy produced from this reaction was relatively low. Scientists have also thought of the stellar evolution theory, which implies that the sun is heated at very high temperatures causing the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms to fuse through the gravitational energy emanating from the contraction of the solar mass from its initial large gas cloud. This has given the scientist and researchers of the required conditions for the hydrogen atoms to fuse, however, there is still a struggle to find out the exact conditions for the fusion to take place, and how the conditions can be made possible for the fusion of hydrogen on earth without causing destruction. All energy used on the earth comes from the solar energy; this can either be direct or indirect. Looking at photovoltaic and solar thermal energy used on the earth, they directly comes from the sun, but utilized in the form of electricity and thermal energy respectively. These two forms of solar energy are harnessed directly from the sun. Another form of energy that comes from the sun but indirectly is wind. The sun heats the earth unevenly, and this causes imbalance of heat on the earth surface; the regions that experience more heat have warm air at the surface of the earth, while those that experience less heat have cool air at the surface of the earth (MacDonald 134). Following this imbalance, the warm air will tend to move from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure, and the vice versa happens to the cool air. This continuous movement of air on the earth surface is wind, and this wind can drive a wind turbine which is used to produce electricity, run wind pumps or wind mills. Hydropower is also derived from the sun, and in this case, the sun heats the earth surface, and the water on the earth surface vaporizes and rises above the ground. As it moves up the sky, it reaches condensation where it forms clouds that later falls as rain. The rain water percolates through the soil and rocks to form rivers, the water in rivers can be utilized to produce energy using either the flowing water or waterfalls along the river channel. Bio-fuels also come from the sun. The sun is used in the process of photosynthesis to produce sugars that are stored in the plant in the form of starch and forms of sugars. The starch and other forms of sugars are extracted from the plant and used in the production of ethanol as a bio-fuel. Another case of bio-fuel production using sunlight uses bacteria that have been modified to utilize sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to form nuclear bio-fuel. Nuclear energy also emanates from solar energy in the sense that, Uranium, an element that is mostly used in energy production using the process of fission, was formed from the reactions that resulted to solar energy. The fusion of hydrogen atoms to form helium atom resulted in the sunshine, and the fusion of the resultant atoms led to atoms with larger nuclei, and Uranium being the heaviest element, it resulted from the fusion of lighter atoms. Fossil fuels are fuels extracted below the earth surface, and they were formed by the accumulation of dead animals and plants. The dead plants contained sugars that were stored after the process of photosynthesis that was initiated by the sun, and the animals ate plants which derived their food from the process of photosynthesis. Therefore, it is only sensible to say that fossil fuels and other sources of energy originated from solar power. Buy custom The Sun Recorded Through History essay

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Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act - Essay Example Other than the USA PATRIOT Act amendment of 2001, there have been several other amendments such as the Protect America Act of 2007 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 is the most significant amendment of the three. This amendment gave powers to state authorities that were sufficient in protecting the homeland. The powers also gave these authorities the ability to protect the country from future attacks. These powers included the ability to monitor internet data and use, interception of emails and phone calls. The Act further granted state authorities the right to place wiretaps on conversations between American citizens and non-citizens3. In addition to surveillance, the state authorities were granted powers to detain individuals it deemed suspicious and dangerous. In comparison to other Acts, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act is the most controversial. This essay will assess and analyze its electronic surveillance provision. The Electronic Surveillance provision in the FISA Act grants state authorities to conduct electronic surveillance because of two scenarios. In the first scenario, the President can authorize state authorities to conduct electronic surveillance for one year. The President does this through the office of the Attorney General and the surveillance can only be done on foreigners4. This surveillance picks up any foreign intelligence information being exchanged between agents of a foreign power and the foreign power. This surveillance, according to the Act, may or may not substantiate to anything feasible5. It is the Attorney General’s responsibility to create a certification of the conditions necessary for the surveillance. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court authorizes this certification by its seal. The A.G is then supposed to report to both the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select

Ceramic -- China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ceramic -- China - Term Paper Example Ceramics range from construction materials (bricks & tiles), porcelain and vessels (Uta Grosenick & Caspar Schubbe, 2007 p.25). The earliest Chinese ceramics were produced during the Neolithic period (6000-1000BC), this was kind of utilitarian wares known has basic pottery. The cultures that were involved with this type of ceramics were Ta-ti-wan, Lun Shan and Ta-wen-Kau. They produced a number of ceramic arts such as, fanciful thin walled and burnished earthenware that were fully painted from soil ores. Majority of these ceramics were used by the respective cultures as ritual vessels during traditional ceremonies and events. They were hand built, characterized by grey, black and red colors, as such they were real evidence of craftsmanship and beauty during the ancient period. The emergence of Bronze period led to ceramic decline, and few were made resembling the ceramic shapes of metals that had appeared (Wang Guanyu, 2011 p.3). Chinese ceramics that was produced during the Han dynasty between 206 BC –AD 220, was well known as organized ceramic production. Example of these ceramics included mass produced functional vessels that were stamped with names of government offices, a sheer indication that ceramic workshops and works were controlled. Majority of the vessels produced were identical but one notable ceramic work was the lead glazing, this included a low fired glaze that was colored with copper to produce green, or use of iron to create yellow or brown colored items. The Chinese knew that lead was toxic to human beings and with this knowledge; they would only utilize ceramic works created from lead glazing for mortuary purposes rather than daily use (p7). The toxicity of lead glazing lead to some of the Southern China, and coastal regions to produce high fired stone ware that was incorporating wood or ash glaze, that produced a yellow colored type of work. The other part was the use of an expanded Han repertoire which