Critical thinking and review free essay sample

1. What are club drugs? What are some of the factors that support the use of club drugs? The club drugs are synthetic drugs that are usually used in bars, nightclubs, raves and other types of gatherings. The settings of raves and nightclubs support the use of the drugs. They are usually small tablet form so it is easy to conceal. 2. What are screening tests? Why are they used? Screening tests are nonspecific and help a forensic scientist find several certain drugs that the substance is likely to be. They are used to try and find a certain type of drug or identify what an unknown drug may be. 3. What are color tests? Why are these tests used? Color tests are putting a chemical reagent to the drug and see if it changes color or not. To identify if there is a certain drug involved. 4. What are microcrystalline tests? What information do they provide? Microcrystalline tests is a test that involves exposing the drug or substance to a reagent and then examining the color and morphology of the crystals. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical thinking and review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This test is more specific than a color test when trying to identify a certain drug based on the size, color, and shape of the different crystals. 5. What is spectrophotometry? How can this be useful in identifying drugs? Spectrophotometry is a ultraviolet test. It is useful to help determine if there is a drug present. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why are forensic scientists an important part of drug cases? Forensic scientists are an important part because if there is a drug present they have multiple tests they can do to identify if its there or what kind of drug it is. 2. If you were a forensic scientist and you were called to a crime scene to see if drugs were present, what would you do to determine this? If I was a forensic scientist I would use the spectrophotometry to test if there was any drugs present. 3. Why is it important for forensic scientists to have as much information as possible about the place where a possible drug substance was found? It is important because it can help them better understand the crime. Like perhaps who they got it from, or how it may have gotten in the persons system if they weren’t for drugs. 4. What are some of the difficulties in identifying particular drugs? Why is it important for forensic scientists to be able to identify particular drugs? Some difficulties would be like some drugs have similar chemicals in them or they come from the same places with just one super tiny different chemical or item. It is important for forensic scientists to be able to identify particular drugs so they can understand the crime better and it can help narrow down people or places or even ractions.

Hunting and gathering VS agriculture Essay Example For Students

Hunting and gathering VS agriculture Essay Hunting and gathering VS agriculture Essay From the early prehistoric society until now, we often heard the word adaptation, which means the process of changing something or changing our behavior to deal with new situations. The ways people adjust their natural environment varies according to time, place, and tribe. Foraging is common way of adaptation that people uses for most of human history; however because of the population pressure, some people adopt agriculture to fulfill their need. This essay, will discuss the positive and negative aspects of life in hunting and gathering societies compared to the agricultural societies based on Martin Harris article Murders in Eden and Jared Diamonds article The Worst Mistake in the History of Human Race. Hunting and gathering is the longest-lasting lifestyle for most of human history. In addition to their way of life, hunter-gatherers are often regarded as nasty, brutish, and short (Diamond 114). Progressivists also suggested our hunter-gatherer ancestors adopt agriculture because of its efficient way to get more food for less work(Diamond 114). However, as archaeologists observe in some aspects of their lives, hunter-gatherers societies are not necessarily nasty, brutish, and short. Some issues that we need to compare between hunting and gathering and agricultural societies include workloads, nutrition, production, starvation, infanticide, health and disease, and differences in wealth. From the work loads, it shows that in the barren environment of the Kalahari dessert, the present day Bushmen need only 12 to 19 hours per week to obtaining a diet rich in protein and a high nutritional standard, while their farmer neighbors, the Hadza nomads of Tanzania, need 14 hours per week and get less protein. It also takes more additional hours of food preparation to make it is suitable for consumption. It appears that hunter-gatherers have more leisure time than farmers. On the other hand, an agricultural system absorbs more labor and increased workload per capita. Based on the output of production, agriculture is perceived as an advance because farmers can produce more food within a smaller area than they could possibly obtain as hunter-gatherers. Harris says that this situation happened since farmers control the rate of plant reproduction (Harris 219), which means that immediate adverse consequences could be prevented with the intensification of production. On the other hand, hunter-gatherers, which depend on the availability of natural plants and animals; consequently, can raise their output very little. However, although farmers can produce more food than hunter-gatherers do, the numbers of crops are limited; therefore, when the crops failed, there is risk of starvation. In order to keep their standard of living, hunter-gatherers have to keep their population low. They use many ways to prevent pregnancy, such as herbal contraceptives, plant and animal poisons, and many mechanical techniques for abortion. Hunter-gatherers are also likely to use infanticide and geronticide, which means the killing of infant and old people. Commonly, the mothers executed infanticide by neglecting their babies. On the contrary, people who adopt agriculture do have this practice; they do not keep their population low, conversely, they need more population to help their relatives to plant and harvest their crops. This high population density, however, has its downside. People in agricultural societies tend to bear the risk of infection by many diseases. It happened because they have to trade with other crowded societies in order satisfy their needs. In contrast, hunter-gatherers who live in dry land and with low population, have less risk to contaminate disease because epidemics is less likely to occur in a small population. Agriculture also brings class divisions because farming introduced the concept of land ownership and thereby, there is a division among labor and owner, and on the one hand, it causes the elite become wealthier, but on the other hand, most people become poorer. In hunting and gathering society, which store little food; people have equal social standing. Both Hunting and gathering as well as agricultural societies have their positive and negative sides. .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a , .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .postImageUrl , .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a , .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a:hover , .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a:visited , .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a:active { border:0!important; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a:active , .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u58c37610d32568cbd8a47839329dd88a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: DNA Strawberry Extraction Lap Archeologists; however, tend to think that hunting and gathering is better. I, myself, as a woman, prefer to live in agricultural society, which I think is more civilized, in the sense that they do not have the practice of infanticide and geronticide. Furthermore, I consider this practice .

Sample Journal Essay

Sample Journal EssayThere are many things that can be considered a sample journal essay. Some examples include: clinical notes, journal entries, journal excerpts and so on.But how do you make your sample essay? Can you begin it in any way that you like, and will the rest of the writing come later? I have often wondered this. But it is always good to learn as much as you can about the subject.By definition, an essay is a piece of written work which conveys the thoughts and ideas of a writer. This could be about anything, including your thoughts on the death of a loved one, your thoughts on creating wealth or anything else that comes to mind when we think of an essay. One of the most important aspects of an essay is a good start, and that is what this article is going to tell you.You may find it difficult at first, but when you write each page, you can come up with your own way of starting each page. A beginning allows you to figure out what the most basic words you need for your openi ng paragraphs, and you may find it useful to write down some examples of how you would write them yourself. This gives you something that can go on top of your journal and gives you a good start.One thing that can help you get started is to make sure you have a pen or pencil with you to jot down your thoughts before you begin the journal. If you don't, you could be found to be committing a common mistake that writers do, and that is writing too fast. In addition, you will end up being too excited to get started writing and it will all be done before you get around to writing a sentence.When you are writing a journal entry, your thoughts, ideas and memories will flow from you in a powerful flowing fashion. And youwill end up with something that you did not write at all, which is very frustrating. It is best to write down your ideas, then edit them to make sure they make sense and are grammatically correct.Once you have drafted and edited your words, it is time to put them down on pap er and on your person's page. When you are finishing the journal essay, do not just stop. Make a note of the details of each entry as you go along. In addition, make a note of how you felt about each entry as you were writing them down.After finishing one entry, mark off on your journal where you left off. By doing this, you will find that you have created a journal essay that makes it easier to keep track of where you left off and how you felt at the time.

Pale Fire Essay Research Paper Pale Fire free essay sample

Pale Fire Essay, Research Paper Pale Fire, by Vladimir Nabokov, is a complex text made up of four parts. Three of the parts, the preface, commentary, and index, are narrated by Dr. Charles Kinbote. The 4th portion is a long verse form written by a character named John Shade. There is much confusion as to the true individuality of the storyteller Kinbote, but for the interest of simpleness, I have taken the position that Dr. Charles Kinbote is the homosexual, insane, exiled Zemblan King Charles. Many different subjects, motives, secret plans, characters, and individualities are elaborately woven throughout this text. One motive is that of the butterfly. The transmutation from life to decease is represented by the caterpillar # 8217 ; s transmutation to a butterfly. The butterfly is representative of decease, or at hand decease, and the possibilities of hereafter. The caterpillar has # 8220 ; died, # 8221 ; in a sense, and the butterfly is the signifier of its hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on Pale Fire Essay Research Paper Pale Fire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a symbol that occurs repeatedly in the verse form, and several times in Kinbote # 8217 ; s narratives.Shade # 8217 ; s verse form, # 8220 ; Pale Fire, # 8221 ; is his geographic expedition of the thoughts of life, decease, and hereafter. His girl has killed herself and this is his manner of seeking to do sense of her decease. One of the most hard stairss in the bereavement procedure is the realisation that you are easy burying that individual who has left and easy burying the hurting you have felt. Shadow explores this peculiar emotion in the undermentioned lines: # 8220 ; Later came proceedingss, hours, whole yearss at last, / When she # 8217 ; d be absent from our ideas, so fast/ Did life, the woolly caterpillar tally # 8221 ; ( pg. 58, lines 665-667 ) . The woolly caterpillar represents life on Earth. The first of butterfly we encounter is in the preface when Kinbote describes Shade # 8217 ; s pattern of destructing his old bill of exchanges. Kinbote sees him # 822 0 ; firing a whole stack of them in the pale fire of the incinerator with dead set caput like an official griever among the wind-borne black butterflies # 8221 ; ( pg. 15 ) . Shade has figuratively killed his old bill of exchange, a bill of exchange that Kinbote assumes to be about his Zembla, and the ashes are the black butterflies whose decease Shade is mourning. In Shade # 8217 ; s poem the butterfly motive is foremost introduced when he describes a tree in his backyard. # 8220 ; White butterflies turn lavender/ As they pass through its shadiness where gently seems to sway/ The apparition of my small girl # 8217 ; s swing # 8221 ; ( pg. 35, lines 55-57 ) . Again, the butterflies are associated with the decease, but, more specifically, the possibilities of his girl # 8217 ; s hereafter. The # 8220 ; phantom # 8221 ; swing seems to be singing still, as if her spirit is the force that is doing it travel. At twilight, Shade attempts to # 8220 ; stare down the stars. Infinite foretime and/ Infinite aftertime: above your head/ They close like elephantine wings, and you are dead # 8221 ; ( pg. 37, lines 122-5 ) . In these lines from the verse form, Shade is straight doing the connexion between the eternity of hereafter, wings, most likely those of a butterfly, and decease. He makes many mentions to butterflies, but frequently, in the novel and the verse form, the Red Admirable butterfly is mentioned. Its first visual aspect in the text is in the 2nd canto of the verse form. # 8220 ; Come and be worshipped, come and be caressed, / My dark Vanessa, crimson-barred, my blest/ My Admirable butterfly! # 8221 ; ( pg. 42-3, lines 269-71 ) . Shade sees the butterfly as something to be worshipped and something that is blessed. Angels, liquors of people who have been blessed and earned their topographic point in the hereafter, are worshipped in many faiths. Kinbote # 8217 ; s note to the line about # 8220 ; My dark Vanessa # 8221 ; explains the same butterfly # 8217 ; s presence in Zembla. # 8220 ; Zemblans name it harvalda ( the heraldic one ) # 8221 ; ( pg. 172 ) . The Red Admirable trumpeters decease in this book. Each clip it appears in the text, decease is shortly to come. Kinbote notes that he has seen the butterflies # 8220 ; banqueting on. . . a dead coney # 8221 ; ( pg. 172 ) . Not merely does this butterfly herald at hand decease and transition to the hereafter, but it besides physically feeds on death.We meet the Red Admirable once more in the last stanza of the verse form. Harmonizing to Shade # 8217 ; s notes, he wrote the last stanza merely before his slaying. # 8220 ; A dark Vanessa with a ruby set. . . A adult male U nheedful of the butterfly — / Some neighbor’s nurseryman, I guess – goes by† ( pg. 69, lines 993-8 ) . These lines ironically bode his ain slaying. Shade is the adult male unheedful of the butterfly that flies in forepart of him as he walks to his decease across the street at Kinbote’s house. The note to these lines is wholly devoted to Shade # 8217 ; s concluding brush with the Red Admirable, the trumpeter of decease. # 8220 ; A Red Admirable came giddily twirling around us like a coloured fire. . . with an about awful imitation of witting drama which now culminated in its subsiding upon my delighted friend # 8217 ; s [ Shade s ] sleeve # 8221 ; ( pg. 290 ) . Moments subsequently, Shade will be shot through the bosom and killed.The metabolism from caterpillar to butterfly, life on Earth to the hereafter elsewhere, is represented in Charles # 8217 ; walk through the secret transition to the theater. He starts at the gap of the transition in the castle and walks through a dark labyrinth to the gap at the other terminal in a theatre exterior of the castle. He is imprisoned in the castle, stuck in a cocoon, and emerges as a free adult male, a free adult male who is no longer a male monarch. Charles sees # 8220 ; a headless statue of Mercury, music director of psyches t o the Lower World # 8221 ; in his transition to the other universe outside the castle ( pg. 133 ) . His outgrowth from the transition into the theatre is described like the butterfly writhing free from the cocoon. # 8220 ; The enigma of the transition even before he wriggled at last through the curtain into. . . the Royal Theater # 8221 ; ( pg. 134 ) . It is interesting to observe that the fleeting male monarch is dressed from caput to toe in vermilion vesture, vermilion like the Red Admirable. This metabolism is non so much about life and decease as it is about the adult male # 8217 ; s alteration from one individual to an wholly different individual in a different station in life. Captivity to freedom. King to commoner. Zemblan to American. The sort Charles has basically died and a different Charles is taking his topographic point in the universe. Shade # 8217 ; s poesy has crossed the seas to Zembla before Charles reaches America. Charles had read his work and heard his name before going his neighbour. It is of import that we know that Kinbote # 8217 ; s, Charles # 8217 ; , compulsion with Shade began before their existent debut because it is one of the few things that the male monarch has been able to transport over from Zembla and re-introduce in his new life. The verse form of Shade # 8217 ; s that he saw many old ages ago was # 8220 ; The Sacred Tree. # 8221 ; In this verse form there is yet another reference of the butterfly. # 8220 ; An antique butterfly, ill-spread, / In form # 8221 ; ( pg. 93 ) . Possibly this is an antique butterfly because Kinbote # 8217 ; s memory of this verse form comes from his old life, his life as male monarch. The changeless contrast between perceptual experience and misperception dramas an of import function in the text, particularly when covering with Kinbote # 8217 ; s true individuality. The butterfly subject is touched on in mention to the drama between perceptual experiences and misperceptions. # 8220 ; In life, the mind/ Of any adult male is speedy to recognize/ Natural fakes, and so before his eyes/ The reed becomes a bird, the knobby twig/ An measuring worm, and the cobra caput, a big/ Wickedly folded moth # 8221 ; ( pg. 59, lines 710-15 ) . Moths are insects known to look like butterflies. However, they are non butterflies, but merely look to be. Shade is noticing on his failure to see the deceit of his white fountain for a mark of the hereafter. Finally, Kinbote summarizes what he has attempted to make in his commentary. # 8220 ; I do non see myself a true creative person, save in one affair: I can make what merely a true creative person can make # 8211 ; pounce upon the disregarded butterfly of disclosure # 8221 ; ( pg. 289 ) . As anyone who has of all time tried to catch a butterfly will certify to, it is a really hard undertaking. Besides a hard undertaking is the undertaking that Kinbote undertook by seeking to commemorate for readers the life of his friend, the creat ive activity of a piece of art, and the enigma of an exiled male monarch. The facts and the fiction weaves in and out together like a butterfly winging through the text, set downing here and at that place. The butterfly motive is the most interesting, in my sentiment, and the most pertinent to the intricate prowess of this text. 31a

Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts Essays

Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts Essays Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts Essay Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts Essay Obesity in the United States Organization: Problem/Solution Specific Purpose: I would like for my audience to believe in better eating habits so they can avoid or control obesity. INTRODUCTION l. Attention Getter: According to the Forbes website, 74. 6 percent adults in the world are obese and the United States has the highest rates. II. Relevance: Obesity occurs all throughout the world, and with each passing year the rates are higher. We see obesity everywhere, even here in UTPA. It is getting to the oint where we think it is normal to see a bigger person walking or sitting next to us, but the truth is it is not normal. In fact, obesity is highly dangerous to our health. Ill. Credibility: I have done extensive research on obesity and have found many shocking statistics and facts on this issue. In addition, I have an Aunt suffering from obesity and that led her to having diabetes. IV. Propositional Statement: Obesity is a growing problem in the United States and in the Valley. I propose we encourage ourselves, and the people we love, to have ealthier eating habits so it will help people control or avoid obesity. BODY Point One: The first part of the problem is that obesity is a growing health issue, and many adults and young people are victims of it. A. According to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a cross-sectional telephone survey of no institutionalized adults ages 18 years or older conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of obesity between 1991 and 1998 increased in all 50 states in the United States in both men and women, and across all age groups. Notably, only 4 states had obesity rates of or higher in 1991, but by 1998, 37 states had exceeded that level. The highest prevalence of obesity was found among women of minority groups. B. Data from the Texas Health Institute and Methodist Healthcare Ministries indicates more than 15 million Texans will become obese by 2040 if obesity prevention efforts are not adopted immediately. The report notes that while dramatic obesity increases are noted in all ethnic and age groups, obesity rate increases in young adults have risen more than 10% in Just 7 years. As this population ages, they iseases that accompany obesity, like heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and respiratory ailments. Transition: Texas ranks as the 15th most obese state in the nation, but we do not have to stay that way. Obesity is something we have the power to change. Point Two: The second part of the problem is that many people prefer fattier foods because of the cheaper cost rather than a healthy more expensive meal. A. According to The Lancet, in the U. S. for example, as food has become cheaper during the past several decades, especially foods high in fat and sugar, obesity rates ave risen and obesity rates among the poor, who are more likely to depend on high- fat, high-sugar foods for their meals, are substantially higher than the rates seen in higher income groups. To improve the diets of people on low income, healthy food must be made available and cheap. Instead of promoting sugar and grain production fruits and vegetables should be promoted and more support sh ould be given to programs distributing fruits and vegetables for free to schools and low income groups. B. According to Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter, it used to be that uying fresh, unprocessed foods saved you money as well. Now, however, the cost of more nutritious foods is climbing?even outstripping the rate of inflation. Meanwhile, at least until the latest grocery price spikes, Junk food has been getting cheaper?not good news for a nation with an obesity epidemic. Transition: It is clear obesity is a major problem that needs to be addressed. A solution is desperately needed. Point Three: The solution I propose as I mentioned before is that we encourage ourselves and the people we care for to make healthier eating choices so it will help hem control or avoid obesity. A. Even though it might be a little more costly to buy healthier foods it is better for you, and in the long run, you will not have to spend money going to doctors because you did not pay attention to your eating habits and you will end up saving money. B. It is easier when a couple of us start eating healthy rather than Just by doing it alone. If you influence your friends and family into eating better, it becomes easier because in one of your weak moments, they can help you, and you can help them if it was the other way around. You will also not see your friends or family with fatty foods, and so therefore, you will have fewer temptations. CONCLUSION Transition: In conclusion eating habits among people. II. Solution Summary: I ask you consider my proposed solution to encourage ourselves and others to start eating in healthier ways. In doing this many more people will avoid and control obesity. Ill. Memorable Closing: We must remember, as stated by Bertrand Russell, a British logician and philosopher, There is no need to worry about mere size. We do not necessarily respect a fat man more than a thin man. Sir Isaac Newton was very much smaller than a hippo, but we do not on that account value him less. 1. Moldket, A. H. , Serdula, M. K. , Dietz, W. H. , Bowman, B. A. , Marks, J. S. , Koplan, JP. (1999) The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 282: 1519-1522. 2. New Obesity Data Released. Texas Health Institute, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2011 3. The Lancet, volume 364, Issue 9452, pages 2169 2170, 18 December 2004 4. Can You Afford to Eat Right?. Tufts University Health Nutrition Letter May 2008: 4+. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2011.

Tuberous sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tuberous sclerosis - Research Paper Example The most common drugs to control brain and kidney tumors are mTOR inhibitors such as sirolimus and everolimus. Screening tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an ultrasound scan, spirometry, echocardiogram and blood tests can help to identify tumors connected with tuberous sclerosis. Appropriate diagnostic and treatment plans are quite necessary for successful health care and support of patients with tuberous sclerosis. Tuberous sclerosis the other name tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC) is a genetic disease. It is characterized by the formation of benign, noncancerous tumors in the different organs of human body such as kidney, lungs, brain, heart, eyes and skin. Benign tumors formed in the human body when function of cell growth is damaged. Abnormal quantity of cells formed an extra mass surrounded by outer layer and cause different negative health defects. The statistics show that the most common benign tumors caused by tuberous sclerosis occur in the brain and in skin in 9 causes between 10; kidney and eyes 8 cases between 10; in kidney 8 cases out of 10 and more rarely in the lungs 4 cases between10 especially in women. Tumors in the brain can cause different neurological defects and abnormal brain function. The most common disorder of the nervous system during tuberous sclerosis is epilepsy. It is a long-term neurological defect that characterized by repeated spasms, convulsions and loss of consciousness. Tumors in the brain can cause different neurological defects.

Business Communication -successful communication between cultural Essay

Business Communication -successful communication between cultural sub-groups - Essay Example Furthermore, both internal and external communication of the organization is to be effective in order for the business to succeed globally (Rosenhauer, 2009). Effective cross-cultural communication is, therefore, one of the keys to success of a multinational business. As such, effective communication in a multinational environment requires both a sender and a receiver of a communicated message to have a common understanding of the same message. However, as Rosenhauer (2009, p. 33) outlines, the complexity of intercultural or cross-cultural communication is that â€Å"if sender and receiver have a different cultural background, the chance of accurately transmitting of information is quite low.† This means values, beliefs and norms that are a characteristic of a certain culture may prevent that culture’s representative form understanding the message correctly, even if both, a sender and a receiver, use one language. This point of view is also supported by Gudykunst (2003) and Schmidt (2001), who argue that the more different the cultures are, the more difficult it is for different cultural sub-groups to understand each other. ... Furthermore, one of the most difficult aspects of cross-cultural communication is that, in order to convey a message to a representative of a different cultural sub-group, the communicator might have to provide some additional information related to the message, so that the receiver understands the message properly (Puffer, 2004). Even if a sender and a receiver share the knowledge of the language they use, their understanding of the same message may be very different. This happens because the two people have different ways of thinking that are stipulated by the customs, systems, traditions and cultures of each. Commonality of these aspects, however, is necessary for effective verbal communication (Yamamoto, 1988). Jeanne Brett and Tetsushi Okumura conducted a study that was aimed at determining how much cultural differences influence the results of intercultural negotiations. The researchers studies participants of negotiations between representatives of American and Japanese compan ies. The results showed that cultural differences do have an influence on negotiators’ goals, as well as the outcomes of negotiations. In particular, individualism of the US citizens, in contrast to collectivism to the Japanese, showed to have an impact on the Americans’ views on the self, as well as individual goals that might be different from those of the group. The Japanese, being collectivistic by their culture, were following their group’s interests only (Gelfand and Brett, 2004). Such differences based on the culture of the negotiators may lead to different information-sharing perspectives. However, problems in cross-culture